๏ปฟ ืื•ื ื�ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื�ืึธื•ื•ืœ

ืื•ื ื�ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื�ืึธื•ื•ืœ

ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืขื•ื•ืขืฆืงื™

Published in Lebens Fragen Journal in 2006, January-February

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื� ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ึทื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื� ื ื™ืฉื� ืงื™ึทื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื›ืึทืœืข,ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื� ื“ืขืจ ื�ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื�ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื�.ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1948 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื�ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืคึผืœ ยซืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกยป . ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื�ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 2 ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื�ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ืž ื“ืขื 13 ื™ืึทื ื•ืืจ 1948 ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ-ื“ืขื ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื�. ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึทืกืงื™ืจื� ืื•ื ื�ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึทืœ.ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื�ืขืจ ื�ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื�ืจืขื�ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1947 ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื ื�,ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื� ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื›ืจ-ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื�ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข.ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื� ืžื™ื›ืืขืœืก ืžื™ื� ืฉื�ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื� ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื�ืจืขื�ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื�ืขืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ึทื™ื ื™ื’ื�ืข ื ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืึทื ืึทื�ืืœื™ ื’ืจืึธืžื™ืงืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืืขื ื�ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจื—.ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ,ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื� ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืœ, ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื•ื�ืขืจ ื ื™ึทื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจื�.ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื� ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืจื’ืขื� . ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื� ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ยซื“ืขืจ ืืžืชยป ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข.ื“ืขืจ ื�ื™ืจืึทื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื”ืึธื� ื‘ืึทื�ืจืึธื’ืŸ 15000 ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืึทืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื”ืึธื� ื’ืขื“ืึทืคื� ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื� ,ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืจื ื�ืข ืžื™ื� ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื�ื•ื™ื� ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื�ืŸ ืึทืจื�ื™ืกื� ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื�ืขืึทื�ืจ,ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื� ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื� ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขื�ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืขืกื�ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื�ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื�.13 ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื�ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื� ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 4 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ึทื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื–ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืงืขื ืขืŸ ,ืฆื•ื’ืขื�ืจืึทื›ื�ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉืข ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื 12 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื� 1952 .ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื™ืคื�ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ื’ ,ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื—ื–ื•ืจืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื�ืึทืœื™ื ืขืŸ,ื“ืขื ื“ืขืžืœื�ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.ืœื•ื™ื� ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ึทื™ื‘ ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื�ืขื� ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก.ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื� ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื� ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื, ืขืก ื“ืจื•ืงื� ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ื”ื™ึทื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง.ื•ื•ื™ึทื™ื�ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื� ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื�ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื�ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ืกื�ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึทืจืขืกื�ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ึทื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื“ืจืขืก,ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื�ืขืœืขื’ืขื ืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืฉื�ืขืœื� ืžื™ื� ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ืคืขืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ื�ืจืขื�ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 12 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ.ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื� ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ.ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื 30-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื•ื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื� ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ยซ ืึธื’ืึธื ื™ืึธืงยป (ืคื™ึทื™ืขืจืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ).ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื� ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ยซืื™ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงยป ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื�ืขืจยป: ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื�ื™ืกื�....ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื� ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ-ืกื�ืึทืœื™ื ืขืŸยป .ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ื™ื ืกื� ื”ืึธื� ืกื�ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงื� ืžื™ื� ื ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ ืฆื• ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ื�ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื�ื”ืขืœืคืขืจืก- ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื�ืŸ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื�ืŸ ืžื™ื�ืŸ ื’ื™ึทื™ืกื� ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ โ€“ืกื�ืึทืœื™ื ืขืŸ.ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื”ืึธื� ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ืฉื� ื’ืขืงืขื ื� ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืŸ.ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื� ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืขืœื–ื™ึทื™ื�ื™ืงืขืจ ื�ืขื�ื™ืงื™ึทื™ื� ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ.ื ืึทื�ื•ืจืœื™ืš ,ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื�ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื� ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ึทื™ื�ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ,ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื�ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ึทื™ื�ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขืฆืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ. ื“ืจื™ึทื™ ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื�ื•ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื� ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืž ื‘ื™ื›ืœ- ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืขืคืขืจ,ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื�ื™ืกื� ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ,ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืขืกื�ื™ืจื� ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1948 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืคืขืจืขืฅ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ,ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจืขืกื�ื™ืจื� ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืืจ 1949 .ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืึทื•ื•ื�ืึธืจืก ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืึธืกืŸ,ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื�ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื� ื“ืขื 12 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื� 1952 . ืื™ืŸ ื�ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ื“ืขื 16 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1948 ื”ืึธื� ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื� ืึท ืœื™ื“,ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื� ื“ืขื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ.ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื� ืขืจ ืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื� ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื�ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจื“.ื ืึธืจ,ืคืึทืจืฉื�ื™ื™ื� ื–ื™ืš,ืึทื– ืึทื–ืึท ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื� ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ึทื™ื ื’ืขื�ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ื ืึธืš 3 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœืขืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื�ืึธืจ(ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข-ืคึผื™ื ื›ืึทืก ืงืึทื’ืึทื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื�ืฉ),ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื�ืขืจืึทื�ื•ืจ- ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื�ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ืกื™ื ืึธื•ื•,ืึท ืžื™ื�ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื�,ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื�ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื�ื•ืจื’ ื™ืขื›ืขื–ืขืงืœ ื“ืึธื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ- ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจืขืกื�ื™ืจื� ืื™ืŸ 1949 ื™ืึธืจ.ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื�ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกื™ื ืึธื•ื• ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉื�ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื”. ื“ืึธื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื� ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ึทื™ื� ืœื•ื™ื� ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžื ื™ืกื�ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 1953 ,ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขื�ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื�ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื�ืขืœืŸ , ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ึทื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื�ืฉืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจ ื�ืึทื™ืจืึธื•ื•(ื“ื™ ืขื›ื�ืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข โ€“ืงืึธืจื ื‘ืœื™ื�) ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœืขื ืงื™. ื‘ืขืœืขื ืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื�ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื�ืขืึทื�ืจืึทืœืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื™ึทื™ ื“ืขื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื�ืขืึทื�ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื� ืœื™ื�ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื�ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ยซืขืžืชยป ืื•ืŸ ื�ืึทื™ืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื� ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื� ืžื™ื�ืŸ ืงืึทืžืขืจ- ื�ืขืึทื�ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข.ืกื™ึทื™ ื“ืขืจ ื�ืขืึทื�ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ึทื™ ื“ื™ ื�ืขืึทื�ืจืึทืœืข ืฉื•ืœ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื� ืื™ืŸ 1949 ื™ืึธืจ.ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื� ืงื™ึทื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœืขื ืงื™. ื‘ืขืœืขื ืงื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืจื™ึทื™ื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื” ,ืกื�ืึทืœื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืœืึทื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’. ื�ืึทื™ืจืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื�ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื›ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืžืขืจ- ื�ืขืึทื�ืจ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื�ื‘ืึทืงืื ื�ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื� ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืœื™ืึท ืขืจืขื ื‘ื•ืจื’ .ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” โ€“ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื� ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื�ื™ืงืŸ ืื ื�ื™ึทื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืกืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืฉื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื� ืขื ื’ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื� ืžื™ื�ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื�. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1944 -1945 ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื� ืงื™ึทื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ยซืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจยป. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื�ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื�ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ยซืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืข ื‘ื•ืšยป ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ึทื™ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฉื—ื™ื�ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื� ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืข ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื. ืฆืขื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจื� ื”ืึธื� ื“ื™ ืžืึทื�ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ ืขืจืขื ื‘ื•ืจื’.ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื�ืขืจ ,ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื�ืŸ ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืกื™ืœื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื� ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ืึธืก ยซืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืข ื‘ื•ืšยป. ื ืึธืจ,ืื™ืŸ 1952 ื™ืึธืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื™ื™ื� ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืึธื� ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื� ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืœื•ื™ื� ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื�ืŸ,ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื� ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ึทื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื�ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืึธืฆื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง.ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื�ืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื� ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื� ืึทื–ืึท ืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืขื ื‘ื•ืจื’ืก ื�ืขื�ื™ืงื™ึทื™ื� ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื�ืึทืจืงื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื�ื™ืกืขืžื™ื�ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทื�ื ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“.ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื ื�ื™ืกืขืžื™ื�ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื� ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื�ืึทืœื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื ื�ื™ืกืขืžื™ื�ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื—ืžื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื�ื™ืง.ืขืจืขื ื‘ื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื� ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืกืจื� ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš,ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื�ื•ื™ื� ืคื•ืŸ ืกื�ืึทืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื� ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืึทื�ืขื•ื•ืขื� ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืคืึทืจืžื™ึทื™ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื�ื•ื™ื�. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ยซ ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืกยป ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื�ืขืœืขืงื�ื•ืึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื- ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจ ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื•ื•ืขืœ ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืงื™.ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•-ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื�ืข ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทื™ื�,ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1946 -1954 ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ-ืกืขืงืจืขื�ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืขืจืก.ืขืจ ื”ืึธื� ืืจื™ึทื™ื ื’ืขื�ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื�ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ึทื™ืœืึทื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื�ื•ืจ- ื�ื•ื™ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ึทื™ื�ื•ื ื’ ยซืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื“ืึทยป (ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืช)ืคืึทืจืŸ 29 ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1949 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื� ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท. ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืข.ื–ืึทืกืœืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™(ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื� ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื�ืึทืžื•ื ื’)ยป ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคึผืึทื�ืจื™ืึธื�ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื�ืขืึทื�ืจืึทืœืข ืงืจื™ื�ื™ืงืขืจยป.ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขื’ืึทืŸ,ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื�ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ โ€“ืึทื ื�ื™ืคึผืึทื�ืจื™ืึธื�ืŸ-ืขืก ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื�ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืก.ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืจื� ยซืงืึธืกืžืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ื�ื™ื–ืยป,ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื� ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ,ื”ืึธื� ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื• ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ยซ:...ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืคืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื�ืข ,ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื� ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื�ื•ืจื’ื™ืข..., ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืขืกื�ืขื�ื™ืฉืข ื ื™ืฉื�ื™ืงื™ึทื™ื�ืŸ,ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื�ืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื�ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง,ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื�,ื—ื•ืฅ ืจื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืœืึธื–ื�ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื�ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ยป.ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทื™ื� ื”ืึธื� ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื� ืึทืจืขืกื�ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื�ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื�ืขื� ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื�ืขืœืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื�ืขืœืขื’ืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื�ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื� ื–ื™ื™ืจ ื ืขื’ืึทื�ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื� ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ึทื™ื�ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืจืขืกื�ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื� ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื� ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื� ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื�ืจืขื�ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื�ืขืœืขื’ืขื ืฅ.ื“ืขื 24 ืžืขืจืฅ 1953,ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืกื�ืึทืœื™ื ืก ื�ื•ื™ื�,ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื� ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื� ืื–ื•ื™ยป:ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขื�ืขืจื� ื“ื™ ืึทื ื�ื™ืคึผืึทื�ืจื™ืึธื�ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืืคึผืึธืœื™ื�ืŸ โ€“ื—ื ื™ืคืขื ื™ืงืขืก...ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื�ื•ื™ืกื� ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื�ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื� ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืึทื–ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœื™ื–ืยป.ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื™ึทื™ื� ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืื� ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื�ืจืขื�ื•ื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื’ืึทื�ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื� ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื�,ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื�ืึธืจื™ื�ืขื� .ื“ืขื 4 ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1953 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืžืขืœื“ื� ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขืžืœื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื�ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉืขืจ.ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ,ืึทื– ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืก ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ึทื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืœืฉืข.ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ึทื™ ืคื•ืŸ 1956 ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื�ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื� ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ืงื� ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื� ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื�ืžืึธืจื“. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื•ื•ืขืœ ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืงื™ โ€“ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื�ืขืึทื�ืจืืœืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืขื ื�ืฉ,ืึท ืžื™ื�ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ืขื�ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ึทื™ื‘ืขืจืก ,ื”ืึธื� ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื� ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 1971 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื� ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ื� ืžื™ื� ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื�ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ยซืžื™ื›ืืขืœืกยป ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ึทื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืขืึทืœืขืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื” ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื�ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื�ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทื™ื� .ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ , ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื� ืึทืจื™ึทื™ื ื’ืขื�ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื�ืŸ ื‘ื™ึทื™ื�ืจืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื�ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืฉื™ืกื�ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืจืžืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืึทื�ืขื•ื•ืขื� ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื�ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืคืึทืจืžื™ึทื™ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืจืึทื�ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื� ืœื•ื™ื�ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื�ืืœืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื� ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืึธืฆื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ,ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืžื™ื� ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฆื™ื, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ .ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง,ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื� ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ.ื ื™ืฉื� ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื� ,ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทื™ื� ืื™ื– ืžื™ื� ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื“ืึธืคืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื ืคืจืื–ืข-ืึท ืฉืึธื“,ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื�ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื� ืžื™ื� ืื™ึทื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื� ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื�.... ื ืึธืจ, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื� ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทื�ื ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ,ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื�ืขืœืขืงื�ื•ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ึทื™ืกื�ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ,ื–ื™ึทื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื�ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื�ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื™ื�ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื�ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืงื•ืจืฆื�ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื� ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื�ื•ื ื’ืขืŸยป ื ืึธื•ื•ืึธืกื�ื™ ื ืขื“ืขืœื™ ยป(ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื“ืขื 21 ื™ื•ืœื™ 2005.



ื ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื�ืœ

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื�ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคืื�ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก